A laminal consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, which is the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue on the top. This contrasts with apical consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the tongue apex (tongue tip) only. This distinction applies only to coronal consonants, which use the front of the tongue.
Laminal vs. apical is not a very common contrast within a language. However, the contrast is very common in Australian languages, where there are usually no fricatives. Outside Australia, where such a contrast occurs, it is typically phonemic with fricatives and affricates rather than stops, although some native languages of California make the distinction with stops as well, while Dahalo makes the distinction only in its stops. The Basque language differentiates between laminal and apical in the alveolar region, as does Serbo-Croatian, while Polish and Mandarin make the distinction with postalveolar consonants.
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